An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): (This article is not about the academic discipline of neurolinguistics which investigates the brain mechanisms underlying language. There is also a disambiguation page for other uses of the NLP acronym including Natural Language Processing):

Neuro-linguistic programming: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming

Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is an interpersonal communications model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy[1] based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change.

It was co-founded by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder in the 1970s as a method of personal change and communications.

The focus was pragmatic, modeling three successful psychotherapists, Virginia Satir, Milton Erickson and Fritz Perls.

The theoretical foundations borrow from work related to the these models and disciplines related to communication and the mind, including psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, and occupational therapy.

Today, variants and applications of NLP are often found in seminars, workshops, books and audio programs in the form of exercises and principles intended to influence change in self and others.

The field of NLP is loosely spread and resistant to a single comprehensive definition.

There is also a great deal of difference between the depth and breadth of training and standards.

An important assumption of NLP is that emotion, thought and behavior consists of, and is influenced by, how the sensory-specific modalities (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, gustatory) are organized and give rise to consciousness.[3]

Further, the mode and limits to the underlying mental representations is revealed by unconscious choice of words, sensory-specific predicates (eg. visual language) and non-verbal cues (such as intonation; gesture; posture; facial expression and eye movements).

A basic method in NLP involves asking specifying questions to help clarify the intended message in communication.

It seeks to recover what has been left out and to reframe faulty thinking when the communication is distorted or over-generalised.

These meta-model questions are often combined with suggestions for personal growth and potential.[4] Another technique seeks to alter sensory-specific submodalities (eg. brightness, size or location of visual imagery or sensory representations) to affect the intensity of mental states and affect changes in behavior.

A classic format has people anchor resourceful mind-body states (eg. creativity, confidence, etc.) to make them available in situations where a person wants to act differently.

Generally, the intent of NLP is to increase choice in the underlying representations so that the individual has more choice and flexibility in the world.

In the early 1980s, NLP was heralded as an important advance in psychotherapy and counseling.[5]

It attracted significant interest from researchers and practitioners in the profession.

Reviews of research in counseling psychology[6] and by the National Research Council (NRC) committee[7] found little empirical basis for NLP assumptions or effectiveness. The NRC committee[7] were impressed, however, with NLP modeling as an approach to expert modeling and it inspired further research by the NRC in that area.[8]

Most counseling psychology studies focused on the claim that careful tracking eye movements and matching sensory predicates improves rapport and influence in the client-counselor relationship.[6] This lead some evidence-based clinicians and researchers to label NLP as a New Age[9] or pseudoscientific[10] form of psychotherapy.

Some argued that researchers did not have adequate training in, or understanding of, the complexities of NLP and the research had numerous methodological errors.[11]

The general lack of support in literature reviews marked a decrease in research interest, especially for matching sensory predicates to enhance the client-counselor relationship.[12]

Subsequent peer-reviewed research has been sporadic and spread across multiple disciplines.

The majority of information on NLP has been published in books, multimedia products, and via workshops not subject to the rigor of peer-reviewed journals.

Nevertheless, NLP remains widely supported by its practitioners in the field and has influenced other forms of brief[13] and eclectic[14] interventions.

(This article is not about the academic discipline of neurolinguistics which investigates the brain mechanisms underlying language. There is also a disambiguation page for other uses of the NLP acronym including Natural Language Processing).

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Nonviolent Communication (NVC): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_Communication

Nonviolent Communication (NVC) is a process developed by Marshall Rosenberg and others which people use to communicate with greater compassion and clarity.

It focuses on two things: empathy — listening with deep compassion, and honest self-expression — exposing what matters to oneself in a way that's likely to inspire compassion in others.

Formal NVC self-expression includes four elements: observations (distinguished from interpretations/evaluations), feelings (emotions separate from thoughts), needs (deep motives) and requests (clear, present, doable and without demand).

Those who use Nonviolent Communication (also called \"Compassionate Communication\") describe all actions as motivated by an attempt to get human needs met. However, in meeting those needs, they seek to avoid the use of fear, guilt, shame, blame, coercion or threats.

The ideal of NVC is to get one's own needs met while also meeting others' needs.

A key principle of Nonviolent Communication that supports this is the capacity to express oneself without use of good/bad, right/wrong judgment, hence the emphasis on expressing feelings and needs, instead of criticisms or judgments.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Object Relations Theory: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Relations

In Psychodynamics, Object relations theory is the idea that the ego-self exists only in relation to other objects, which may be external or internal.

The internal objects are internalized versions of external objects, primarily formed from early interactions with the parents.

There are three fundamental \"affects\" that can exist between the self and the other - attachment, frustration, and rejection.

These affects are universal emotional states that are major building blocks of the personality.

Object relations theory was pioneered in the 1940s and 50's by British psychologists Ronald Fairbairn, D.W. Winnicott, Harry Guntrip, and others.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Orgonomy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgonomy

Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897 – November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.

Reich was a respected analyst for much of his life, focusing on character structure, rather than on individual neurotic symptoms.

He promoted adolescent sexuality, the availability of contraceptives and abortion, and the importance for women of economic independence.

Reich's work influenced thinkers such as Alexander Lowen, Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, Saul Bellow, Norman Mailer, A. S. Neill and William Burroughs.

He had a demonstrated ability to synthesize material from psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology, economics, sociology, and ethics.[1][2][3][4][5]

Reich became a controversial figure for his studies on the link between human sexuality and neuroses, emphasizing \"orgastic potency\" as the foremost criterion for psycho-physical health.

He said he had discovered a form of energy that permeated the atmosphere and all living matter, which he called \"orgone.

\" He built boxes called \"orgone accumulators\", which patients could sit inside, and which were intended to harness the energy for what he believed were its health benefits.

It was this work, in particular, that cemented the rift between Reich and the psychiatric establishment.[2][6][7]

Reich, of Jewish descent and formerly a Communist, was living in Germany when Adolf Hitler came to power.

He fled to Norway in 1934 and subsequently to the United States in 1939.

In 1947, following a series of critical articles about orgone in The New Republic and Harper's, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began an investigation into his claims, and won an injunction against the interstate sale of orgone accumulators.

Charged with contempt of court for violating the injunction, Reich conducted his own defense, which involved sending the judge all his books to read.

He was sentenced to two years in prison, and in August 1956, several tons of his publications were burned by the FDA.

He died of heart failure in jail just over a year later, days before he was due to apply for parole.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent-Child_Inter...n_Therapy_%28PCIT%29

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a form of psychotherapy for children ages 2-7 and their caregivers.

It uses a unique combination of behavioral therapy, play therapy, and parent training to teach more effective discipline techniques and improve the parent-child relationship.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Pastoral Counseling: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_counseling

Pastoral Counseling is a branch of counseling in which ordained ministers, rabbis, priests and others provide therapy services.

Practitioners in the United States are subject to the standards of the American Association of Pastoral Counseling and many are either licensed as a LPC or LMFT as well.

Most state laws require pastoral counselors to have secular counseling licenses in order to provide mental health services or therapy.

Insurance companies often will not pay for pastoral counseling of counselors without state licensing.

It is often synonymous with pastoral care.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Person-Centered Therapy (PCT): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person-centered_psychotherapy

Person-Centered Therapy (PCT), also known as Client-centered therapy, was developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s.

He referred to it as counseling rather than psychotherapy.

The basic elements of Carl Rogers' new way of therapy was to have a more personal relationship with the patient to help the patient reach a state of realization that they can help themselves.

He did this by pushing the patient towards growth, great stress on the immediate situation rather than the past.

This way the person is able to use the therapy as a way to reach a better sense of self, rather than living in an irrational world.

Person-centered therapy is used to help a person achieve personal growth and or come to terms with a specific event or problem they are having.

PCT is based on the principle of talking therapy and is a non-directive approach.

The therapist encourages the patient to express their feelings and does not suggest how the person might wish to change, but by listening and then mirroring back what the patient reveals to them, helps them to explore and understand their feelings for themselves.

The patient is then able to decide what kind of changes they would like to make and can achieve personal growth.

Although this technique has been criticized by some for its lack of structure and set method it has proved to be a hugely effective and popular treatment.

PCT is predominantly used by psychologists and counselors in psychotherapy.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Personal Construct Psychology (PCP): (It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Personal construct theory: Discuss):

Personal Construct Psychology (PCP): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_construct_psychology

Personal Construct Psychology (PCP) is a theory of personality developed by the American psychologist George Kelly in the 1950s.

From the theory, Kelly derived a psychotherapy approach and also a technique called The Repertory Grid Interview that helped his patients to uncover their own \"constructs\" (defined later) with minimal intervention or interpretation by the therapist.

The Repertory Grid was later adapted for various uses within organizations, including decision-making and interpretation of other people's world-views.

The UK Council for Psychotherapy, a regulatory body, classifies PCP therapy under Experiential Constructivism.

(It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Personal construct theory: Discuss).

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Play Therapy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_therapy

Play Therapy is generally employed with children ages 3 to 11, play provides a way for children to express their experiences and feelings through a natural, self-guided, self-healing process.

As children’s experiences and knowledges are often communicated through play, it becomes an important vehicle for them know and accept themselves and others.

Play Therapy is the systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein play therapists use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial challenges and achieve optimal growth and development.

A working definition might be a form of counseling or psychotherapy that therapeutically engages the power of play to communicate with and help people, especially children, to engender optimal integration and individuation.

Play Therapy is often used as tool of diagnosis.

A play therapist observes a client playing with toys (play-houses, pets, dolls, etc) to determine the cause of the disturbed behaviour.

The objects and patterns of play, as well as the willingness to interact with the therapist can be used to understand the underlying rationale for behavior both inside and outside the session.

According to the psychodynamic view, people (especially children) will engage in play behaviour in order to work through their interior obfuscations and anxieties.

In this way play therapy can be used as a self-help mechanism, as long as children are allowed time for 'free play' or 'unstructured play'.

From a developmental point of view, play has been determined to be an essential component of healthy child development.

Play has been directly linked to cognitive development.

One approach to treatment, is for play therapists use a type of systematic desensitization or relearning therapy to change the disturbing behaviour, either systematically or in less formal social settings.

These processes are normally used with children, but are also applied with other pre-verbal, non-verbal, or verbally-impaired persons, such as slow-learners, brain-injured or drug-affected persons.

Mature adults usually need much \"group permission\" before indulging in the relaxed spontaneity of play therapy, so a very skilled group worker is needed to deal with such guarded individuals.

Many mature adults find that \"child's play\" is so difficult and taboo, that most experienced group workers need specially tailored \"play\" strategies to reach them.

Competent adult-group workers will use these play strategies to enable more unguarded spontaneity to develop in the non-childish student.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Positive Psychology: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology

Positive Psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology that \"studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.\"[1] People have been discussing the question of human happiness since at least Ancient Greece.[2]

Psychology has been criticized (Seligman, 2002) as primarily dedicated to addressing mental illness rather than mental \"wellness\".

Several humanistic psychologists—such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Erich Fromm—developed successful theories and practices that involved human happiness despite there being a lack of solid empirical evidence at the time behind their work, and especially that of their successors, who chose to emphasize phenomenology and individual case histories.[3]

Current empirical researchers in this subfield include Donald Clifton, Albert Bandura, Martin Seligman, Ed Diener, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, C. R. Snyder, Christopher Peterson, Shelley Taylor, Barbara Fredrickson, Charles S. Carver, Michael F. Scheier, and Jonathan Haidt.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Positive Psychotherapy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychotherapy

Positive Psychotherapy is a psychodynamic method of psychotherapy founded by Dr. Nossrat Peseschkian in the early 1970s in Germany.

It is based on a humanistic conception of man, and has an integral and holistic approach.

It is today spread in many countries.

The main center is based in Wiesbaden, Germany.

An List Of: Talking Therapies/Counselling For Mental Health/Depression: Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration (PPI): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_Integration

Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration (PPI) is a wider development of Postural integration (PI), an alternative body-psychotherapy method, which attempts to help individuals to become aware of themselves in their body and empowering them to change their \"bodymind\" - their bodies, their emotions and attitudes.

At a practical level, PPI is an active therapy in which the patient/client and practitioner (psychotherapist) interact to release blocked energy and to guide the development of awareness in both, thus enabling clients to increase their sense of well-being, their capacity to feel, their ability to express themselves, to develop their self-awareness and consciousness.

It aims to restore unity of tissue, feeling and awareness by a direct manual, deep softening and reorganization of the myofascia which envelopes and coordinates the entire muscular system while simultaneously bringing together gestalt therapy, emotional release and expression, breathwork, movement awareness disciplines and bodymind drama into a single framework.

Postural Integration (PI) was originally developed in the 1960's by Jack Painter, Ph.D., (°1933) a former Professor at the University of Miami after many years of self-exploration in the fields of humanistic psychology, deep massage, acupressure and the Five Elements system, gestalt therapy, but especially with Reichian therapy in combination with the work and theories of Ida Rolf.

Postural Integration is taught and practiced in Europe, USA, Canada, Mexico, South Africa and Australia and is organized within the International Council of PsychoCorporal Integration Trainers (ICPIT).